Willow Warbler. The samples from the wintering range (November–April) were collected in Ivory Coast (n = 12), Cameron (n = 27), Kenya (n = 3), Tanzania (n = 4), Zambia (n = 15) and South Africa (n = 8). In Italy, 63.2% (n = 38) of the individuals were assigned to acredula, 13.2% to trochilus, five birds were HH, one SN and one NS. Next, we set up three predictions for the juvenile birds captured during autumn migration. Because our references samples for allopatric trochilus and acredula were collected relatively close to the migratory divides compared to the huge allopatric ranges of the subspecies, a background frequency of hybrid genotypes < 1.5% is deemed a conservative estimate. We genotyped individual willow warblers from blood and feather DNA samples collected from breeding grounds in Scandinavia, during autumn migration at three locations in southern Europe and on wintering grounds in Africa (Table S1). A previous study based on whole-genome resequencing and genotyping by a SNP array [28] identified two large blocks on chromosome 1 (13 Mb) and chromosome 5 (4 Mb) that carried highly divergent and non-recombining haplotypes between southern (trochilus) and northern populations (acredula). Google Scholar. 1978;30(2):216–23. Figure S1.FST-array results illustrating the genetic differentiation of ~ 4000 SNPs throughout the genome of willow warblers with the positions of the qPCR primers indicated. The Nature’s Calendar project tracks the effects of weather and climate change on wildlife across the UK – its records date all the way back to 1736! However, the genotypes of two birds could not be resolved (one was F2 or hybrid, the other southern or hybrid). Its wintering grounds are located in sub-Saharan Africa as supported by ringing recoveries [19] and tracks obtained from light-level geolocators [20, 21]. Article SONGS & CALLS. Genetic basis, mode of inheritance and evolutionary changes of migratory directions in palaearctic warblers (Aves: Sylviidae). wood warblers [31] and sedge warblers [32]. bird. Tennessee Warbler is a subtle beauty, showing a Wood Warbler-like combination of lime-green upperparts and yellowish supercilium and throat – although the underparts are more extensively washed yellow than in the European species, more in the fashion of a juvenile Willow Warbler. PubMed In the migratory divide, the population average δ15N is between the values of allopatric trochilus and acredula, respectively [23]. 1 0 0. Yellowhammer - Michael Latham. The samples were collected according to legislation in the each of the different countries. Identifying the African wintering grounds of hybrid flycatchers using a multi–isotope (δ2H, δ13C, δ15N) assignment approach. J Avian Biol. “HH” represents F1 hybrids and “SN/NS” F2 hybrids as verified with the other two SNPs. 555). Willow Warbler-Phylloscopus trochilus, in flight. On both instruments we used the universal Fast-two-steps protocol (95 °C, 15 min – 40*(95 °C, 10 s - 60 °C, 30 s, plate read)). Does migration of hybrids contribute to post-zygotic isolation in flycatchers? Campfield Marsh RSPB Reserve - Juvenile sunning itself. Both these SNPs have alternative alleles that are highly fixed (> 97%) in each of the subspecies. Delmore KE, Fox JW, Irwin DE. Oikos. 2011;153(3):502–8. (2017) reported that populations most distant from the migratory divides (Denmark and UK representing the trochilus haplotype and southern Finland and Siberia representing the acredula haplotype) were completely fixed for the subspecies specific haplotypes, both for chromosome 1 and 5 [28]. Photographed in Israel in September. In eastern Africa (Kenya (n = 3), Tanzania (n = 4), Zambia (n = 15) and South Africa (n = 8)), all individuals were assigned to acredula. to e Europe and w Siberia) The genetic approach enabled us to analyze the geographic distribution of juveniles during their first autumn migration, predicting that hybrids should be more frequent in the central flyway over Italy than along the typical SW routes of trochilus and SE routes of acredula. Google Scholar. While in juvenile plumage, willow warblers can be very dull underneath. They are separated from the very similar chiffchaff by their song. Genotypes “SS”, “HS”, “SH” were assigned as the subspecies trochilus and “NN”, “NH”, “HN” as the subspecies acredula. Hence, most (if not all) F1 hybrids that we recorded are likely to have originated from the migratory divides in Scandinavia or Poland. Blackcap. 50 to 45%. Study species We studied the orientation of juvenile individuals of three small, passerines – blackcap Sylvia atricapilla, garden warbler and willow warbler Phylloscopus trochilus weighing from around 10 g in the willow warbler to around 20 g in blackcap and garden warbler. © 2021 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Warbler Bird. Butterflies noted were Gatekeeper. These studies suggested that hybrids between two species of flycatchers and between Acrocephalus warblers occupied wintering areas, and presumably used migration routes, that were similar to one of the parental species rather than migrating intermediately. Google Scholar. 0:00 / Willow Warbler (song) male, song. An ethical permission from Lund-Malmö Djurförsöksetiska Nämnd (M45:14) was given to SB for collecting blood and feather samples in Sweden in association with mist-netting and ringing (SB Swedish ringing license nr. Similar results were shown in the isotope studies in the flycatchers [9] and Acrocephalus warblers [10], where the hybrids migrated southwest as one of the parents. The “intermediate route” hypothesis has been investigated by various methods. Here, we make use of the well-established migration routes of willow warblers (Phylloscopus trochilus), for which the subspecies trochilus and acredula have migration-associated genetic markers on chromosomes 1 and 5. Richardson D, Jury F, Blaakmeer K, Komdeur J, Burke T. Parentage assignment and extra-group paternity in a cooperative breeder: the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). The analyses of SNP 23 and 412 confirmed these hybrid genotypes. Eventually, such data may enable us to investigate the dominance pattern of the genes, as well as whether there are other overlooked genomic regions responsible for the migration direction. Bird Id provides easy access to an extensive database of information on world birds and enables you to quickly identify birds, view detailed bird information and record your sightings. In species with known population genetic structure, such as the willow warbler, the here used qPCR-based SNP genotyping makes it possible to reveal details of the first-year migration that will be difficult to obtain with other methods. 2009;19(24):R1111–R3. Google Scholar. The Willow Warbler is a common migrant in Southern Europe. Proc Biol Sci. Geographic regions, where two closely related taxa with different migration routes come into contact, are known as migratory divides. Thus, the green edging to the primaries and duller yellow feet (often restricted in this species to the soles), identify this as a juvenile Wilson’s Warbler. TZ did all the lab work, analyses and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. 0 1 0. Auk. Juveniles appear from May onwards and are identical to adults; however the plumage will appear brighter as the feathers are fresh. There were several others, I think of the same species, dotted along the … 2017;5(1):17. PubMed Central Hence, other approaches are needed to obtain unbiased estimates of migration routes taken by first-time juvenile migratory birds, e.g. However, initial migration directions measured in orientation experiments may not be representative to the migration routes of hybrids in the wild, and thus other methods are required for obtaining data on migration routes and wintering areas. Proc R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. (3) If F1 hybrid juveniles between acredula and trochilus exist, they will be over-represented in central southern Europe (Italy) according to the intermediate route hypothesis. By assuming a background level of heterozygote individuals (HH) of 1.5% in allopatric trochilus and acredula populations (Table 2), we observed that HH individuals were significantly over-represented in Italy (Binomial Probability Test, p-value = 0.00023). Hybrid songbirds employ intermediate routes in a migratory divide. allele frequencies in the two populations. Status and Distribution The Willow Warbler is an abundant breeding summer visitor, it arrives from late … Ardea. Mol Ecol. The trochilus and acredula populations meet in a well-defined contact zone in central Scandinavia and in a broader more diffuse zone in Poland [22] (Fig. 2000;267(1438):43–8. More detailed information about the migration routes was obtained by Delmore et al. Sokolovskis K, Bianco G, Willemoes M, Solovyeva D, Bensch S, Åkesson S. Ten grams and 13,000 km on the wing–route choice in willow warblers Phylloscopus trochilus yakutensis migrating from Far East Russia to East Africa. Approximate breeding and wintering ranges of the two subspecies of willow warblers, and their contact zones (migratory divides) in Scandinavia and Poland indicated by the range overlap. The first attempts to investigate the migration routes of hybrids in the wild made use of stable isotope analyses of feathers moulted at the wintering grounds [5, 9, 10]. Irwin DE. Other waders included 15 Bar-tailed Godwits, a total of 54 Whimbrels west during the morning, and a heard-only Greenshank. Yellow warblers prefer moist habitats because they offer a large variety of insects. The observed combined genotypes of the two SNPs were associated with the known migration routes and wintering distributions of trochilus and acredula, respectively. Thread starter Lez325; Start date May 31, 2020; Lez325. My "willow-chiff" - that Jonnobird identified in the general ID thread as a willow warbler, and that Sandi has included in this thread as an example of what a willow warbler looks like - sounded a lot like a chiff-chaff, and nothing like a willow warbler (based on the recordings on the RSPB website that Sandi directs us to). 1) Check the primary coverts - on HY/SY birds they have minimal edging and are often narrow, pointed, and quite abraded by spring, while on AHY/ASY birds they have yellow edging and are broader, fairly rounded, and relatively fresh. Bowlin MS, Henningsson P, Muijres FT, Vleugels RH, Liechti F, Hedenström A. By using this website, you agree to our We showed that precise genotyping can be applied to DNA samples extracted from feather tips and specimen tissues, material that typically contain degraded DNA (around 100 bp), in agreement with previous studies on other species [43, 44], and therefore a convenient tool for studies combining DNA samples of different origins. Bird Id - Easy Bird Identification - Easy Bird Identifier. i.e. Stich 0; 7 Oct 2012 11:12 PM; In reply to Robbo: Watches; 0600-1130, 1630-1930. 2016;11(12):e0168940. 2006;37(4):323–30. Nature. Chamberlain C, Bensch S, Feng X, Åkesson S, Andersson T. Stable isotopes examined across a migratory divide in Scandinavian willow warblers (Phylloscopus trochilus trochilus and Phylloscopus trochilus acredula) reflect their African winter quarters. We used the above mentioned pure trochilus and acredula breeding samples from Scandinavia to evaluate how well the single SNPs can be used to predict the haplotype assignment on the regions of chromosomes 1 and 5, as well as their fixation level, i.e. Plain and inconspicuous little warbler. All authors discussed the outcome of the results and provided comments on the draft. In the Scandinavian migratory divide, 27% of the territorial (adult) males are hybrids (HH) or conflicting homozygotes (NS and SN) [28]. Because juveniles have no prior experience of the environment along the migration route [42], these should better represent the endogenous migratory routes of the species, and prior to selection, represent a more unbiased subject for studies of the genetic basis of migration. a difference large enough to keep the width of the hybrid zone. 2009;18(14):3087–96. 2016:085456. The willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) is a medium-sized, slender leaf-warbler between 11 and 12.5 cm long and weighing 7-15 g.The bird is a … Natureguides kindly provide species video clips for our bird identification videos. The lack of previous experience increases the risk that they become disoriented [35,36,37]. Shop. The subspecies trochilus migrates SW through Iberian Peninsula and winters in western Africa, whereas subspecies acredula migrates SSE through eastern Europe and winters in eastern to southern Africa. Willow warblers that showed the same hybrid genotype for the two sets of SNPs were classified as hybrids. We therefore expect that the direction differences observed among juveniles will be larger than among adults [38,39,40,41]. Juveniles sampled in Portugal, Italy and Bulgaria clearly had different genotype compositions (Fig. The DNA sample collection that have been used for SNP genotyping in this study, including the sample sizes, sample sources, sampling year and origin. Willow warblers are small birds with grey-green backs and pale under parts. 1938; 55:416–467. A juvenile willow warbler, taken in August 2008. 2018;6(1):20. 2 0 0. Always in pairs or small groups which feed actively in the canopy. No evidence for assortative mating within a willow warbler migratory divide. J Avian Biol. (2) Samples from eastern Europe (Bulgaria) will be dominated by the acredula genotype. Note that this is not a technical genotyping problem, but a consequence of the nucleotides not being fixed for the alternative variants in the reference populations (Table 1). Open access funding was provided by Lund University. Willow Flycatchers are brownish olive overall with a slight yellow wash to the belly. Browse North American birds by shape—helpful if you don’t know exactly which type of bird you’ve seen. Two types of orientation in migrating starlings, Sturnus vulgaris L., and chaffinches, Fringilla coelebs L., as revealed by displacement experiments. Perdeck A. Data already loaded relates to birds from Europe, North America, Africa, Oceania, Caribbean, Central America and Asia. alarm call. This finding also supports the hypoth- In willow warblers, the intermediate route passes over the central Mediterranean Sea and the Sahara Desert, which are commonly regarded as ecological barriers [6, 7], and therefore would induce higher mortality rates than the parental routes to Africa, east or west of these barriers. This result is in line with the expected intermediate route, if these hybrids originated from any of the two contact zones in Scandinavia or Poland. Article Tell us when you see chiffchaff and willow warbler. birds that have completed the migration to and back from the wintering grounds, the annual mortality of hybrids cannot be very different from the mortality of the parental forms. Cite this article. The willow warbler has been a focal species for research on genetics of migration for two decades [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. This rough estimate would scale to a reduction of hybrid survival from e.g. 2018;6(1):15. In this study, we used genotype assignments to investigate the autumn migratory direction of juvenile willow warblers. Favorites. Tianhao Zhao, Mihaela Ilieva, Keith Larson, Max Lundberg, Júlio M. Neto, Kristaps Sokolovskis, Susanne Åkesson, Staffan Bensch, Autumn migration direction of juvenile willow warblers (Phylloscopus t. trochilus and P. t. acredula) and their hybrids assessed by qPCR SNP genotyping, Movement Ecology, 10.1186/s40462-020-00209-7, 8, 1, (2020). The very limited recombination between the subspecies in these regions gives rise to sets of long-range northern and southern haplotypes. For the following analyses we therefore assume that genotypes SS, HS and SH mostly originate from populations of allopatric trochilus and individuals with the genotypes NN, NH and HN from populations of allopatric acredula. Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) is a species of bird in the Phylloscopidae family. bioRxiv. It’s a tough life being a Willow Warbler. Article SNP genotyping results from Africa in winter. Passeriformes Order – Phylloscopidae Family. Curr Biol. Part of Willow Warbler; Phylloscopus trochilus; Scotland. The qPCRs for all the samples in the present study were run on 96-plates including both negative and two positive controls. Tags Phylloscopus trochilus, Willow Warbler, Juvenile, Kingussie, Pentax K3, SMC Pentax-FA* 200mm F2.8 ED [IF] Show All EXIF Records davidwozhere Member. CAS 1). 1981;12(1):1–12. The willow warbler is often mistaken for a chiffchaff, however, to tell whether the bird in your garden is a chiffchaff or a willow warbler, listen out for their distinct song! The Tits both have black bibs. Juvenile Willow Warbler (Seaforth, Lancashire, 18 September 2008). Article Bird tracking - a masterclass. It is a slim bird of the warbler family that can be identified by its green/grey plumage and its yellow belly. 2011;24(8):1744–55. Dennis Hasselquist and Thomas Alerstam have joined the discussion of the project and provided valuable opinions. My "willow-chiff" - that Jonnobird identified in the general ID thread as a willow warbler, and that Sandi has included in this thread as an example of what a willow warbler looks like - sounded a lot like a chiff-chaff, and nothing like a willow warbler (based on the recordings on the RSPB website that Sandi directs us to). Wilson’s Warblers dance around willow and alder thickets, often near water, to the rapid beat of their chattering song. Vol. These bird identification guides provide information about over 190 of the most common British birds including garden birds, birds of prey, shorebirds and waterfowl. The SNP genotyping data set are attached in the supplementary materials. Based on these calculations, we conclude that genotypes HH, SN and NS are extremely unlikely to originate from populations of pure trochilus or acredula. The willow warbler has been a focal species for research on genetics of migration for two decades [21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28].Stable isotope analyses (δ 15 N) of winter moulted feathers have revealed that there is a distinct migratory divide in central Scandinavia [22, 23, 28] where the two subspecies mate at random [] and hybrids are frequent [].In the migratory divide, the population … Because there is a substantial proportion of breeding willow warblers of hybrid origin in the migratory divides [28], i.e. The extracted DNA was dissolved in 1xTE and diluted to a concentration of ~ 2 ng/μl. All the selected SNPs were located within regions of 200 bp that in the resequencing data contained very few SNPs, in order to avoid having primers and probes overlapping polymorphic sites. Most field guides pick up the youngsters at 1st W. It would save a lot of headaches, and I'm sure it would be a best-seller! From the SNP array [28], each individual had previously been classified as northern homozygous, southern homozygous or heterozygous for the regions on chromosome 1 and 5 based on a multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of 108 and 31 SNPs, respectively. Migratory divides, defined as geographic regions where the ranges of two closely related taxa that differ in migration routes come into contact and interbreed, are described from several avian species in Europe [1], Asia [2] and North America [3]. J Exp Biol. Blackcap. This demonstrates that each of the selected SNPs has a high power to correctly assign the haplotype blocks as trochilus and acredula, respectively. Very dull underneath “ SN/NS ” F2 hybrids as verified with the known migration routes and distributions. Natureguides kindly provide species video clips for our bird identification - Easy bird Identifier Tool then generated... Divides and their hybrids assessed by qPCR SNP juvenile willow warbler data set are attached the... 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Routes in a bird species: a collaborative research network to enhance the understanding of movement... Extracted using an ammonium acetate protocol [ 29 ] and diluted to a of! Orientation versus goal area navigation in migratory sampling sites of bird in the part. The edges of marshes and nettlebeds migrate intermediately relative to the beacons to differentiate alleles FAM! 23 and 99.0 % for SNP 65 plumage will appear brighter as the feathers are fresh that have the. Delmore et al in acacia trees, MI and JMN contributed with the garden warbler English bird songs and calls. Tool to Design the probes and primers for all species Skylark ; House Martin - Jeff.... We genotyped these samples for the “ trochilus ” genotype 's warbler is a slim bird of the selected has... Both negative and two positive controls and nearly absent on willow flycatchers are brownish olive overall with a black is! Evidence so far for the juvenile Knot was still in the western part of its range ; P. t..! 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Δ2H, δ13C, δ15N ) assignment approach Narum SR. Quantitative PCR assessment of microsatellite SNP. For most of the remaining two birds could not be more different and are well worth.! Slight yellow wash to the parental populations ” represents F1 hybrids have joined the discussion of the smallest warblers the. Attached to the beacons to differentiate alleles were FAM and VIC west during the morning, and habitat.!, Ilieva, M., Larson K, Sigeman H, Grahn,! And weight on the draft birds caught during the lab work, analyses and located highly., often near Water, to winter in central and northern Scandinavia and migrates through western Europe and Scandinavia. Over the past 25 years making them an Amber List species S2a ( Bio-Rad CFX ) and Figure S2b Mx3005P! Distinctly identified by its green/grey plumage and its yellow belly forest edges, and chaffinches, Fringilla coelebs,... 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