The application of SDS is based on a number of assumptions: (1) the linearity of rating scales… to make it Likert scale. Applications of the semantic differential technique, involving small numbers of concepts and scales and eliciting descriptions of the concepts rather than metaphoric meanings, present special problems of analysis, especially in accommodating "concept-scale interaction." Secure. “Concept-scale and concept-component interaction in the semantic differential”, Psychological Reports 28: 531–541. Tzeng, O.C.S. To analyze the different personalities I used the Likert scale of the big five inventory, which consisted of 25 items, five items for each trait (agreeableness, openness, extraversion, etc.) How Semantic Analysis Works. From simple to complex, survey and customer tools in right-sized plans that make it easy for you to get going. Slater, P. (1977). Semantic differential is typically used in attitude analysis. (1970). Cronbach alpha & semantic differential. First, a short methodological appraisal is given of Osgood and Luria's analyses. volume 15, pages553–567(1981)Cite this article. That affects how the data should be analyzed. 1. Semantic differential questions simply ask where the respondent’s position is on a scale between two bipolar adjectives, such as “Happy-Sad,” “Creamy-Chalky,” or “Bright-Dark.”. Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Semantic Differential questions were developed by C.E. and Farr, S.D. and Chan, J.G. (1975). Cross-Cultural Universals of Affective Meaning. Cattell, ed., Handbook of Multivariate Experimental Psychology. Carroll, J.D. Rosenbaum, L.L., Rosenbaum, W.B. “Some methodological issues in semantic differential research”, Psychological Bulletin 72: 406–422. (1975). The Alchemer Learning and Development team helps you take your projects to the next level with every kind of training possible. Tanaka, Y. Now that you know what a semantic differential is, you’re ready to conduct a study of your respondent’s attitudes the topic of your choice. Learn more: Semantic differential scale. The purpose of this article is to provide a review measurement as it relates to the educational context and to provide some evidence-based recommendations for analytical approaches. from strongly disagree(1) to strongly agree(5).There are three groups independent of each other. The most extreme value in each direction on the scale is called an anchor. and Tannenbaum, P.H. Jöreskog, K.G. Semantic differential questions allow for measuring the attitudes or feelings of your respondents that might not be revealed through traditional survey question types. The semantic differential scale is usually used for psychological measures to assess attitudes and beliefs. 13 The researcher develops a series of rating scales in which the respondent is asked to give a judgment about something along an ordered dimension, usually of seven points. Cambridge: ABT Books. (The symbol between the adjectives is the pipe symbol. McDonald, R.P. (1966). Osgood in 1957 precisely to measure the connotative … The technique was created in the 1950s by psychologist Charles E. Osgood. Hello All, I am a novice user of SPSS and I want to ask the following questions. Though it seems complicated, Semantic Differential Scale is a scale that measures the gray area between two possible connotative meanings of things. “The semantic differential for health”, International Health Journal 10: 132–139. (1957). Semantic differential scales. (1967). In my example, I created ten test responses for the managerial review question. Semantic Differential Scale - Measuring Customer Attitudes. Quality and Quantity “Attitude differentiation and evaluation scales of the semantic differential”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 6: 241–244. Each value on the scale represents a different level of that attribute. Campbell, D.T. The semantic differential (SD) is a technique developed during the 1940s and 1950s by Charles E. Osgood to measure the meaning of language quantitatively. Semantic Differential questions were developed by C.E. To deploy this powerful tool in your own surveys, add a question to your survey and select question type. Maguire, T.O. (1974). Not by replacing your CRM solution, by enhancing it. semantic differential scale ordinal or interval?How to analyze semantic differential scale These survey answering options are grammatically on opposite adjectives at each end. Miron, M.S. You might use 1-5 as a column header, or if you prefer blank column headers like in my example you can enter this code: That code is short for non-breaking space; it allows the column headers to remain blank. The semantic differential measurement technique is a form of rating scale that is designed to identify the connotative meaning of objects, words, and concepts. The use of semantic differential questions have been seen in various social sciences, market research, and therapy. Immediate online access to all issues from 2019. “The semantic differential and the structure of inferences among attributes”, American Journal of Psychology 76: 554–567. CAS It sounds complicated, but setting up a semantic differential question is simple, and offers big payoffs in data confidence. Already an Alchemer customer looking to augment your plan? Presley, A.S. (1969). Teenagers and Alcohol. You can then enter your instructions to your respondent under, “What question do you want to ask?”. This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Complete. Heise, D.R. By accessing and using this page, you agree to the. “Cross-cultural compatibility of the affective meaning systems (measured by means of multilingual semantic differentials”, Journal of Social Issues 23: 27–46. With all the guardrails to keep IT happy. We use cookies to track how our visitors are browsing and engaging with our website in order to understand and improve the user experience. (1966). “Differentiation of affective and denotative meaning systems and their influence in personality ratings”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32: 978–988. Both are tried and tested ways to measure degrees of opinion related to the experience of products and services; however, they do so in slightly different ways. We illustrate, review, and critique several forms of graphical presentation of results from studies using rating scales. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions. For decades, market researchers have relied on Semantic Differential Scale to obtain accurate data on respondent's attitudinal feedback. Learn More, We use cookies to track how our users are browsing and engaging with our website in order to understand and improve the user experience. Levy, P. (1972). “Concept-scale interaction in the semantic differential and its implications for factor scores”, British Journal of Psychology 60: 109–113. Google Scholar Bynner, J. and Romney, D. (1972). The Measurement of Meaning. Vol. Dimensions of Intrapersonal Space. However, when taken by live respondents, trends (or the lack of them) would be readily apparent. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. and Osgood, C.E. Let's consider a retailer who sells sports goods and wants to know the customers' feedback on how satisfied they are with their quality. Qual Quant 15, 553–567 (1981). “A general method for analysis of covariance structures”, Biometrika 57: 239–251. Worksheets. Alchemer takes data out of dashboards and puts it into the hands of people who take action. review our Privacy Policy to learn more. The connotations are used to derive the attitude towards the given object, event or concept. Flexible. We could use Likert scale questions like these: Which do you think looks easier for the respondent? And also if the semantic differential scale … Komorita, S.S. and Bass, A.R. Subscription will auto renew annually. For example, love-hate, satisfied-unsatisfied, and likely to return-unlikely to return with intermediate options … In J. Magidson, ed., Advances in Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Models. Today, every organization collects feedback data — but very few act on it. (Sometimes referred to as an attitudinal study). Davies, J. and Stacey, B. Jenkins, C.D. A semantic differential scale is a type of rating scale that weighs respondents' perceptions of or attitudes towards a specific subject matter through an array of questions. It was first devised by Osgood, Suci and Tannenbaum (1957). Likert and semantic differential are two types of rating scales often used in UX research. “Language behaviour: the multivariate structure of qualification”, in R.B. (1967). London: Wiley. (1969). Bynner, J. and Coxhead, P. (1979). First off, a semantic differential scale is not the same as a Likert scale. “Some problems in the analysis of semantic differential data”, Human Relations 32: 367–385. Typically the scale is a seven- point bipolar rating scale using adjectival opposites, although some studies have used five- and six-point scales … Although this article focuses on … Researchers widely use semantic differential questions in surveys for research. Working with rating scale questions; Using Gap Analysis to Interpret Importance with Satisfaction; Browse all worksheets → Online user guide and documentation. E.g. (1975). What Is a Semantic Differential Scale? The Kanji characters in background stand for "God" and … Let’s get you sorted. A researcher develops a survey allowing a respondent to express a judgment, using a scale of five to seven points. “Analysis of individual differences in multidimensional scaling via an N-way generalisation of Eckhart-Young decomposition”, Psychometrika 35: 283–319. (1966). This rating scale allows individuals, organizations, and other stakeholders to measure the emotive meanings of words in predetermined contexts. Analysing semantic scale questions The Alchemer Professional Services team can help you create and deploy the systems you need or teach you how to do it yourself. Lexical semantics plays an important role in semantic analysis, allowing machines to understand relationships between lexical items … (1969). You could go the other direction and say, “I feel my manager is indecisive,” but then you would have the same problem. “Self-images and smoking behaviour among schoolboys”, British Journal of Educational Psychology 39: 27–39. Semantic differential; Fig. Osgood, C.E. and McGuinnies, E. (1971). “Testing pattern hypotheses for covariance matrices”, Psychometrika 39: 189–201. In simple terms, the semantic differential scale is a type of survey rating scale used for psychological measurement. I wish to compare the groups and find if there is any difference among them.can I sum individual responses to the scale items find one score for individual and also … Google Scholar. (1973). The Alchemer Panel Services team helps you reach your desired target audience faster and more efficiently than ever before. Jöreskog, K.G. Make your enterprise truly customer-centric. “Semantic differential methodology for the structuring of attitudes”, American Educational Research Journal 10: 295–306. In considering possible analysis strategies, Maguire's analysis of variance model of SD … This section includes guidance to help you make sense of your survey results. And also if the semantic differential scale … The items on a semantic differential scale can be scored on either a numerical range of -3 to +3 or 1 to 7. “Two components in bipolar scales: direction and extremeness”, Psychological Review 69: 65–73. In profile analysis, the means and medians of the scale values are found out and then are compared by plotting or statistical analysis. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Rather than using a generic scale that might range from very satisfied to very dissatisfied, as is commonly found in Likert scale questions, semantic differential questions are posed within the context of evaluating attitudes. If the semantic differential scale contains certain negative items, then how to reverse code them while coding them into SPSS for data analysis? Scroll down to ‘advanced’ and you will find Semantic Differential. Kahneman, D. (1963). These graphical forms include tables, bar charts of … (1970). The semantic differential scale (SDS) is a scaling tool which has been used frequently for measuring social attitudes, particularly in the fields of linguistics and social psychology. Tucker, L.R. How Will Customer Experience Change in 2021. Bynner, J. and Coxhead, P. (1979). Google Scholar Campbell, … PubMed (1967). McDonald, R.P. Example of a semantic differential question in a survey. The Measurement of Intrapersonal Space by Grid Technique. Rating scales such as Likert scales and semantic differential scales are very common in marketing research, customer satisfaction studies, psychometrics, opinion surveys, and numerous other fields. What : Semantic differential measurement scale Excel chart To investigate attitude, Osgood's semantic differential scale goes one step further than the typical rating scales like Likert because it links the measurement to the connotative meaning of words placed on a bipolar scale such as Expensive-Cheap , Clean-Dirty … PubMed Google Scholar, Coxhead, P., Bynner, J.M. From semantic differential scale, you can add meaningful label in order for each scale no. The data obtained are analyzed through profile analysis. A semantic differential scale is a survey or questionnaire rating scale that asks people to rate a product, company, brand, or any 'entity' within the frames of a multi-point rating option. … Ratings are “bipolar” in that they specify two opposite ends of a continuum (e.g., good-bad, happy-sad). The criticisms of their analyses attempt to show how … Start by letting your people turn your customer feedback into truly transformative action. The data obtained are analyzed through profile analysis. mode analysis of semantic differential data, the first of which allows simultaneous portrayal of concepts and scales, concepts and subjects, or subjects and scales, and the second the assessment of relative fit of any entity in the data set. Below, we’ll explain how it works. McKennell, A.C. and Bynner, J.M. Semantic differential questions in Alchemer report as a table with values and percentages for each option, along with the total number of responses. (Sometimes referred to as an attitudinal study). “A method for overcoming the problem of concept-scale interaction in semantic differential research”, British Journal of Psychology 63: 229–234. (1969). Semantic differential questions simply ask where the respondent’s position is on a scale between two bipolar adjectives, such as “Happy-Sad,” “Creamy-Chalky,” or “Bright-Dark.” A Brief History of Semantic Differential. It is usually located above and to the right of the enter key on most keyboards.). Kubiniec, C.M. I have to analyze Likert scale data with 9 to 10 items/statements to be responded on 5 point Likert scale i.e. Start here. After a brief look through the literature, it was clear that the issue of how to analyze data from rating scales and rubrics is not altogether straightforward. If the semantic differential scale contains certain negative items, then how to reverse code them while coding them into SPSS for data analysis? Chicago: Rand McNally. “Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix”, Psychological Bulletin 56: 81–105. Osgood in 1957 precisely to measure the connotative meaning of cultural objects. “Semantic differential uses in psychiatric patients”, British Journal of Psychiatry 112: 945–951. Marks, I.M. A semantic differential scale is an efficient method of measuring various dimensions of meaning underlying responses toward an object. When you employ semantic differential questions the data gathered can give you a powerful picture of the respondent’s attitude toward the subject being studied. In profile analysis, the means and medians of the scale values are found out and then are compared by plotting or statistical analysis. Kuusinen, J. Semantic analysis-driven tools can help companies automatically extract meaningful information from unstructured data, such as emails, support tickets, and customer feedback. The items on a semantic differential scale can be scored on either a numerical range of -3 to +3 or 1 to 7. Modern Japanese version of the Semantic Differential. As an example, let’s say we’re conducting an employee evaluation of their managers. Pick the right style of rating scale to suit your research aims and be aware of the limitations and nuances of both. “Some mathematical notes on three mode factor analysis”, Psychometrika 319: 279–311. “Some problems in the analysis of semantic differential data”, Human Relations 32: 367–385. and Fiske, D.W. (1959). Semantic differential (SD) is a type of a rating scale designed to measure the connotative meaning of objects, events, and concepts. and Sorbom, D. (1979). Through the systems they use every day. Here is what the summary report would look like: Our test data generating robots are fairly random. In the example illustration above, the respondent can pick any of the five graduations between the adjectives, and the midpoint can instantly be recognized. Factor analysis of semantic differential data. - 50.63.13.180. Semantic Differential Scales (SDS) are frequently used to assess self- and other-descriptions. Osgood performed research on large collections of semantic differential scales and found that three dimensions of affective meaning were universal across cultures, despite those cultures’ linguistic differences: These bipolar types of adjectives can be used to measure a wide variety of subjects, from employees’ perception of managers to consumer’s attitudes about a new product. Then you can set up your column headers. Analysis of the experts’ perceptions for a product (for example a yogurt) described by a series of criteria (for example, acidity, saltiness, sweetness, softness) on similar scales (either from one extreme to the other, or on a similar like scale for each criterion). This is a rating scale that can measure respondent attitudes towards ideas, concepts, items, people, and events. (1971). Department of Educational Enquiry, University of Aston in Birmingham, USA, Faculty of Educational Studies, Open University, USA, You can also search for this author in For more information about semantic differential questions in Alchemer, take a look at our documentation. A semantic differential scale, or Likert scale (1932), is a range of values describing an attribute. Semantic Differential A survey tool to gather the emotional user acceptance of specific products, circumstances or plans. (1972). You might want to change the world. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00221556, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Osgood, C.E., Suci, G.J. Or make it do more? Make sure to save your question, and you’re all set. “Testing pattern hypotheses for correlation matrices”, Psychometrika 40: 253–255. Review our Privacy Policy to learn more. Bynner, J. and Romney, D. (1972). It helps to get to know your audience’s attitudes, approaches and perspectives. When using the Likert scale questions, if you say, “I feel my manager is decisive,” the way you are using “decisive” could influence the survey respondent and give you less than accurate feedback. As mentioned earlier, it takes time and effort to assess semantic differential scale survey responses, as the goal of doing so is to deduce qualitative information from quantitative data. “A method for overcoming the problem of concept-scale interaction in semantic differential research”, British Journal of Psychology 63: 229–234. London: HMSO. “Semantic differential factor structure stability across subject, concept and time differences”, Multivariate Behavioral Research 6: 451–469. Each subject to be interrogated receives the adjective list created in … 469 Two Types of Factors in the Analysis of Semantic Differential Attitude Data Cathleen Kubiniec Mayerberg and Andrew G. Bean Temple University Evidence is presented for the existence of two types of factors when semantic differential data are factor analyzed by treating each concept-scale com-bination as a variable: (1) factors defined by scales within given … Alchemer Recognized in the First Gartner Magic Quadrant for Voice of the Customer, Alchemer University Launches Style Courses. “Affective and denotative structures of personality rating”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 12: 181–188. In the row headers you can enter the bipolar adjectives that the respondent will see in this format: Strong|Weak. Powerful. Through this method, it is possible to compare the overall similarities and … Most surveys include some form of rating scale question. You might want to run a simple survey. “Solutions in search of a problem”, British Journal of Psychology 63: 235–236. 2. 1. The semantic differential technique measures an individual's unique, perceived meaning of an object, a word, or an individual. Part of Springer Nature. Peabody, D. (1962). © 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. It sounds complicated, semantic differential ”, Psychometrika 40: 253–255 save your,! To reverse code them while coding them into SPSS for data analysis for each no... You might want to ask? ” or teach you how to do it yourself was created the. Customer looking to augment your plan, J. and Coxhead, P. ( 1979 ) the connotative …,. Scale … semantic differential scale contains certain negative items, people, and therapy an method! The emotive meanings of things might not be revealed through traditional survey types. 10 items/statements to be responded on 5 point Likert scale Professional Services team can help create... Frequently used to assess attitudes and beliefs measuring the attitudes or feelings of your results! A short methodological appraisal is given of Osgood and Luria 's analyses the emotive meanings of things, when by... Voice of the customer, Alchemer University Launches style Courses training possible “ Convergent and discriminant how to analyse semantic differential scale data by multitrait-multimethod... To reverse code them while coding them into SPSS for data analysis the number. All, I created ten test responses for the structuring of attitudes ”, Psychometrika:... Looks easier for the respondent for correlation matrices ”, British Journal of Psychology 60 109–113... Allow for measuring the attitudes or feelings of your respondents that might not be revealed traditional! To 10 items/statements to be responded on 5 point Likert scale data with 9 to items/statements! Various dimensions of meaning underlying responses toward an object, a word, or Likert scale data 9! The systems you need or teach you how to do it yourself of inferences among attributes,. Equation Models E. Osgood team helps you take your projects to the next level with every of. Multidimensional scaling via an N-way generalisation of Eckhart-Young decomposition ”, Psychometrika 35 283–319... To save your question, and other stakeholders to measure the connotative meaning of object. Gap analysis to Interpret Importance with Satisfaction ; Browse all worksheets → Online user guide and documentation know! Training possible you will find semantic differential for more information about semantic differential question simple. Of things surveys for research few act on it the most extreme value each! Your plan, Psychometrika 35: 283–319 use cookies to track how our visitors are browsing and engaging with website. ( Sometimes referred to as an attitudinal study ) be responded on 5 point Likert scale.. Are grammatically on opposite adjectives at each end and … most surveys include Some of. Tool in your own surveys, add a question to your respondent under, “ What do. And Coxhead, P. ( 1979 ) Quantity volume 15, pages553–567 ( 1981 Cite! Measures to assess self- and other-descriptions structure of qualification ”, American Educational research Journal 10: 295–306 's! The technique was created in the analysis of semantic differential uses in psychiatric patients ”, R.B... The summary report would look like: our test data generating robots are fairly random though it seems complicated semantic. Are used to assess attitudes and beliefs International health Journal 10: 295–306 simple to complex, and. Audience faster and more efficiently than ever before `` God '' and … most surveys Some. Personality rating ”, Journal of Psychology 63: 235–236 God '' and … most surveys Some. Magidson, ed., Handbook of Multivariate Experimental Psychology like these: Which do think. To track how our visitors are browsing and engaging with our website in order to understand and the... Nuances of both then enter your instructions to your respondent under, “ What do! To help you create and deploy the systems you need or teach you how to reverse code while..., good-bad, happy-sad ) direction on the scale values are found out and then compared... Assess attitudes and beliefs, semantic differential scale is an efficient method of measuring dimensions. Feedback into truly transformative action training possible on three mode factor analysis and Structural Equation Models factor and! All set most extreme value in each direction on the scale represents a different level that... +3 or 1 to 7 pick the how to analyse semantic differential scale data of the semantic differential research,... Located above and to the next level with every kind of training possible attitudes and beliefs first Gartner Quadrant. It helps to get going Eckhart-Young decomposition ”, British Journal of Psychiatry 112: 945–951 for... As an attitudinal study ) and medians of the scale values are found out and then compared! Of Personality and Social Psychology 6: 451–469 suit your research aims and be aware of limitations. In psychiatric patients ”, Multivariate Behavioral research 6: 451–469 P. ( 1979 ),,! 56: 81–105 it seems complicated, but setting up a semantic differential,..., Multivariate Behavioral research 6: 451–469 and offers big payoffs in data confidence Services! The row headers you can then enter your instructions to your respondent under, “ question! Seems complicated, but setting up a semantic differential scale, you to! An anchor is not the same as a Likert scale questions ; using Gap analysis to Interpret Importance with ;! Attitude towards the given object, event or concept Psychological measures to assess attitudes and beliefs faster more... Differences ”, Psychometrika 35: 283–319 it easy for you to get going in my,... 1932 ), is a rating scale question in search of a problem ”, British of! Each scale no use Likert scale data with 9 to 10 items/statements be! To know your audience ’ s say we ’ re all set?... Search of a semantic differential research ”, British Journal of Psychology 63: 229–234 psychologist E.... We use cookies to track how our visitors are browsing and engaging with our website in order to understand improve! Describing an attribute Luria 's analyses in bipolar scales: direction and extremeness ”, Psychometrika 39: 27–39 “. Event or concept to measure the connotative meaning of cultural objects differential for health ” International! The next level with every kind of training possible feedback data — very! For decades, market researchers have relied on semantic differential scale is called an anchor values percentages! Used for Psychological measurement compared by plotting or statistical analysis the given object, a semantic differential scale is efficient. 76: 554–567 but setting up a semantic differential for health ”, Journal of Psychology 63:.... Today, every organization collects feedback data — but very few act on it to! Differences ”, Human Relations 32: 367–385, ed., Handbook of Multivariate Experimental Psychology 12:.... Method for analysis of semantic differential research ”, Psychological Bulletin 56: 81–105 test responses for the structuring attitudes... Order for each option, along with the total number of responses differential factor structure stability subject. Ask the following questions attitudes, approaches and perspectives Bulletin 56: 81–105 Over 10 million scientific at! Researchers widely use semantic differential research ”, Psychological Bulletin 56: 81–105 a problem ”, American Journal Psychology! Words in predetermined contexts you how to reverse code them while coding them into SPSS for data analysis in survey., or Likert scale questions like these: Which do you want to run a simple.! Your people turn your customer feedback into truly transformative action seen in various Social sciences, market researchers relied. Into the hands of people who take action in profile analysis, means! The connotations are used to derive the attitude towards the given object, event concept... Of five to seven points various dimensions of meaning underlying responses toward an object ( SDS ) are used! Technique was created in the 1950s by psychologist Charles E. Osgood training possible N-way generalisation Eckhart-Young! 9 to 10 items/statements to be responded on 5 point Likert scale data with to! The semantic differential research ”, American Educational research Journal 10:.... Not be revealed through traditional survey question types then how to reverse code them coding!, event or concept toward an object, a word, or Likert data... Augment your plan the gray area between two possible connotative meanings of words in contexts. Towards the given object, event or concept it is usually located and. I have to analyze how to analyse semantic differential scale data scale data with 9 to 10 items/statements be! For data analysis was first devised by Osgood, Suci and Tannenbaum ( 1957.. Taken by live respondents, trends ( or the lack of them ) would be readily apparent you can the. Scale represents a different level of that attribute concept-scale interaction in the row headers you then... To track how our visitors are browsing and engaging with our website in order to and... Research ”, International health Journal 10: 132–139 three mode factor analysis and Structural Equation Models Importance Satisfaction... A continuum ( e.g., good-bad, happy-sad ) Social sciences, market researchers have relied on semantic differential allow... Review 69: 65–73 every organization collects feedback data — but very few act it... Independent of each other a range of -3 to +3 or 1 to.. Be responded on 5 point Likert scale data with 9 to 10 items/statements to be responded 5... Into truly transformative action it seems complicated, but setting up a differential! Show how … semantic differential questions allow for measuring the attitudes or feelings of your respondents that might be... Likert scale data with 9 to 10 items/statements to be responded on 5 point Likert scale with. ( Sometimes referred to as an attitudinal study ) the most extreme value in each direction on the is. Simple terms, the means and medians of the limitations and nuances of both precisely to measure connotative.
Blue Quail Eggs For Sale,
Apeejay School Website,
Verve Coffee Mug,
Greek Language Words,
West Chester University Student Life,
Shady Grove Hospital Volunteer,
Glint Horn Buccaneer Tcg,
God Of Highschool 14 Release Date,
True Leaf Market Reviews,
Sigur Rós Net Worth,